Hamlet essay Essays

Hamlet essay Essays Hamlet essay Essay Hamlet essay Essay Essay Topic: Hamlet This play, like many other famous plays from this era, was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was born in a small English town named Stratford-upon-Avon, located in Warwickshire and although the exact date of Shakespeares birth cannot be confirmed the consensus is that Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564. He was baptized on April 26, 1564, at the Holy Trinity parish church in his hometown of Stratford. Shakespeares parents, Mary Arden and John Shakespeare, had eight children. Shakespeare had two sisters named Joan, one born in 1558 and the other in 1569. No one knows first-born Joans exact date of death, but it is assumed that she died in infancy. Second-born Joan survived her famous brother by more than 30 years. Shakespeare probably began his education at the age of six or seven at the Stratford grammar school, which is still standing only a short distance from his house on Henley Street and is in the care of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Although we have no record of Shakespeare attending the school, due to the official position held by John Shakespeare it seems likely that he would have decided to educate young William at the school, which was under the care of Stratfords governing body. In 1582, at the age of 16, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. When Shakespeare married Hathaway he was still a minor, while she was twenty-six and already several months pregnant. Shakespeare had three children. The first child born was Susanna, christened on May 26, 1583, and twins arrived in January 1585. : They were baptized on February 2 of that year and named Hamlet and Judith. We know very little about Shakespeares life during two major spans of time, commonly referred to as the lost years. The lost years fall into two periods: 1578-82 and 1585-92. The first period covers the time after Shakespeare left grammar school until his marriage to Anne Hathaway in November of 1582. The second period covers the seven years of Shakespeares life in which he must have been perfecting his dramatic skills and collecting sources for the plots of his plays. What could such a genius accomplish in this direction during six or eight years? The histories alone must have required unending hours of labour to gather facts for the plots and counter-plots of these stories. When we think of the time he must have spent in reading about the pre-Tudor dynasties, we are at a loss to estimate what a days work meant to him. Perhaps he was one of those singular geniuses who absorbs books. George Douglas Brown, when discussing Shakespeare, often used to say he knew how to pluck the guts out of a tome Tragically, Hamlet died on August 11, 1596, at the age of eleven. We do not know the cause of his death. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616. The cause of Shakespeares death is a mystery, but tradition tells us that: Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and it seems drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted. Shakespeare is buried in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church in his hometown of Stratford, Warwickshire. His gravestone bears an epitaph which Shakespeare himself supposedly wrote. It warns: Good friend for Jesus sake forbeare, To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones. Hamlet was first published in 1603. Due to the fact that nothing could be copywriter in this time people would not release a work until it was already fully established that it was them that had written it. Therefore although 1603 was when the first publish copy of Hamlet appeared it was likely to have been written several years before this date. In fact, Shakespeare himself is said to have played the role of the Ghost of Hamlets father. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeares first biographer, mentioned that Shakespeares role, as the Ghost in his own Hamlet was the top of his performance. When it was first preformed the play of Hamlet like many others would have been shown in The Globe theatre. Now, 200 yards from its original site, after almost 400 years, the Globe Theatre has been opened to the public again: the rebuilt playhouse was officially inaugurated by Her Majesty the Queen on Thursday 12 June 1997. After the discovery of the remains of the Rose in January 1989, archaeologists managed to locate the Globe and to dig up approximately 5% of the foundations of the playhouse. Unfortunately, most of the rest of the foundations lie under Anchor Terrace, a nineteenth century listed building, and only radar exploration is now possible. The presence of a concrete slab below Anchor Terrace makes this work even more difficult. On 12 December 1996, Shakespeares Globe was voted the best attraction in Europe: it was awarded the European Tourism Initiative Golden Star Award by the European Federation of Associations of Tourism Journalists. In this, the second section of my essay I will be looking at how Hamlet shows his indecisions and his reasons for them through his soliloquies. I will be looking at each soliloquy in turn and then summarising his indecisions at the end in a brief conclusion. I will now be looking at the first soliloquy. This doesnt actually have any examples of hamlets indecisions in it but it is important in establishing hamlets mood and views of several of the characters as well as introducing several important story points. The very first words that Hamlet says in this soliloquy, and which sums up his mood through most of the play, are suicidal. O, that this too, too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself to dew By this he means that he wishes he would die, the metaphor being his solid flesh turning to dew. This is ironic, as most people do not want to die and complain that they are dying to quickly whereas Hamlet in describing himself as too too solid is saying he is not dying quickly enough. His next two sentences further prove his thoughts on suicide. Or that the everlasting had not fixd His canon gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! In this he is referring to the sixth commandment thou shalt not kill that also prevents suicide. This also shows that Hamlet is more than slightly Christian as he is not willing to defy the will of God even for something considered as important as revenge. He compares life to a garden and says his life is like an unweeded garden. He accepts that bad things are a part of life just like weeds are a natural part of a garden but he says that things rank and gross in nature, Possess it merely meaning that his life only consists of bad things. He goes on to explain part of the story saying that just less than two months past the king died, his father. He says that he was as a Hyperion to a Satyr in comparison to his brother, hamlets uncle. He explains how much he loved Hamlets mother saying: That he might beteem the winds of heaven Visit her face to roughly. Heaven and Earth! He then says that his mother married Hamlets uncle and makes it obvious that he thinks she didnt morn long enough saying: O, God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason Would have mournd longer He describes there relationship as incestuous and ends the soliloquy by saying that although he believes it cannot come to good he will not say anything; for I must hold my tongue. I am now going to look at the second soliloquy, which is the shortest one. This sees Hamlets first chance to exact his revenge, which he doesnt act upon. Firstly Hamlet describes the time to be the witching hour which is When Churchyards yawn and hell itself breathes out. This shows Hamlet to be superstitious like most people of the time. He then says: now I could drink hot blood, And do such bitter business as the day Would quake to look on them He does mean this literally but it is instead a metaphor, meaning he could do evil deeds so bitter that daylight would be scared to look at them and do the bitter business- killing Claudius. He then sees his mother and explains his plan to get a sort of revenge on her for marrying Claudius. He explains that he intends to speak daggers to her but use not. By this he means that although he will act like he hates her he will only be acting which he further enforces when he says my tongue and soul shall be hypocrite in this. He also says that the things he says he will not even mean: to give them seals never, my souls, consent! I will now be looking at the third soliloquy. This takes place when Hamlet sees his uncle at prayer. This soliloquy shows Hamlets greatest moment of indecision, as he sees the perfect opportunity to kill his uncle yet he makes an excuse why he couldnt do it. Although the excuse was a reasonable one it is still an excuse all the same. He begins the soliloquy by saying Now might I do it pat; just the same as he did in the previous one, saying that he will do it. Then, as in the previous soliloquy he begins stop think about the act too much. He believes that if he were to kill his uncle at prayer then he would send him to heaven- A villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do the same villain send To heaven. He says that this would be hire and salary, not revenge meaning that this would be beneficial to Claudius as it would in fact insure his entrance to heaven. He says that when his father was killed by Claudius he was grossly, full of bread meaning that he was sinful (gross) and not fasting (full of bread). This shows that although he held his father in high opinion he did not think he was perfect. Hamlet then goes on to say that instead of killing Claudius now, whilst he was at prayer, he will wait until he is doing something sinful: When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, Or in the incestuous pleasure of his bed; At game, a-swearing, or about some act That has no relish of salvation int; He ends the passage saying his mother waits and that this physic but prolongs thy sickly days meaning that his praying merely prolongs his life. I will now be looking at Hamlets fourth and final soliloquy. In this soliloquy Hamlet finally decides that he will kill Claudius and is also quite philosophical. He begins the soliloquy by saying that all events inform against him meaning that they accuse him and that they spur his dull revenge. It is interesting that he described his revenge as dull. He then asks if it is mans only job to is to eat and sleep. He then says that god gave us the power of reason. He says that people waste it by leaving it To fust in us unused. Now, whether it be Bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple Of thinking too precisely on the event It is ironic and hypocritical that he says that people think to precisely on event as this is the main reason that he never got around to killing Claudius In conclusion, through his soliloquies Hamlet shows several different reasons for his indecisions. In each instance it is because instead of just killing Claudius he begins to reason the act out and therefore always finds reasons why he cant do it at that time. The reasons he uses always have certain merit and do make sense. On the other hand they do still seem to be just excuses as opposed to reasons he has a real believe in. In this third and final section of my essay I will be looking at how I would direct act 1, scenes 1 and 2. I would try to make my production follow the story and Shakespeares script very accurately yet still make it original. I would do this by representing all the different characters with animals. To make my version of Hamlet interesting and original I will use animals to represent each of the different characters. The animals that would play each character would have to reflect their characters. I would have it so that the animals were based on how Hamlet viewed their characters. Therefore you could get an insight into Hamlets views on characters by what animals play them. So for example I would have his father as a lion (something powerful and proud) his uncle as a weasel or a snake (something devious and cunning). Hamlet would be the only character in the play that would actually be a human, because in his mind he is normal. With regards to scenes 1 and 2 I would try and keep them as close to the originals as possible. I would have it so that the change between scene one and two were very sudden so that the contrast between them is exaggerated. May have scene 1 ending with a flash of lighting with thunder. The lightening would merge with the bright light of the hall and the thunder would become the shouting and laughter of the party guests.

Free Essays on Consider War

Consider war. I never really thought deeply about war, until it affected my family. With my husband currently deployed, the war in Iraq has brought up almost every question C. Wright Mills discussed in The Sociological Imagination. All the wars the United States has fought in have created personal problems regarding moral issues that relate to what you believe. The war we are currently fighting, although many say it is not a war, has placed moral strains on many soldiers and their families. These men and women have voluntarily enlisted in the military, but many did so before war took place, they never dreamed they would be leaving their families to travel to the other side of the world to defend our country, from Iraq. Many questions have been addressed about the legitimacy of the war in Iraq, and rightfully so. Why are we fighting the enemy, in their country? Why did we invade Afghanistan, several times? At one point, there were no more targets to bomb in Afghanistan; the r ubble was being bombed to dust. I honestly do not see the point in these attacks, over and over again, then after the attacks we are offering them supplies and food. If I were being bombed repeatedly by the United States, I would be extremely leery of the â€Å"free† food they were offering me. I think that many of the soldiers who deploy to Iraq and Afghanistan have the same question running through their minds, how do I survive this fighting, am I fighting for the right thing, or even, is the US here for the right reason? What exactly is the US fighting for? From my husband’s point of view, the United States is in Iraq for the right reasons, whatever they may be. He say’s if we do not fight them in their own country, they will be here destroying our country. News flash: They already have! I have seen many pictures of the children in Iraq thanking our US soldiers for what they are doing over there. What I don’t see is the children, here in th.. . Free Essays on Consider War Free Essays on Consider War Consider war. I never really thought deeply about war, until it affected my family. With my husband currently deployed, the war in Iraq has brought up almost every question C. Wright Mills discussed in The Sociological Imagination. All the wars the United States has fought in have created personal problems regarding moral issues that relate to what you believe. The war we are currently fighting, although many say it is not a war, has placed moral strains on many soldiers and their families. These men and women have voluntarily enlisted in the military, but many did so before war took place, they never dreamed they would be leaving their families to travel to the other side of the world to defend our country, from Iraq. Many questions have been addressed about the legitimacy of the war in Iraq, and rightfully so. Why are we fighting the enemy, in their country? Why did we invade Afghanistan, several times? At one point, there were no more targets to bomb in Afghanistan; the r ubble was being bombed to dust. I honestly do not see the point in these attacks, over and over again, then after the attacks we are offering them supplies and food. If I were being bombed repeatedly by the United States, I would be extremely leery of the â€Å"free† food they were offering me. I think that many of the soldiers who deploy to Iraq and Afghanistan have the same question running through their minds, how do I survive this fighting, am I fighting for the right thing, or even, is the US here for the right reason? What exactly is the US fighting for? From my husband’s point of view, the United States is in Iraq for the right reasons, whatever they may be. He say’s if we do not fight them in their own country, they will be here destroying our country. News flash: They already have! I have seen many pictures of the children in Iraq thanking our US soldiers for what they are doing over there. What I don’t see is the children, here in th.. .

Types of War and Terrorism and the Root Causes of War and Terrorism Essay

Types of War and Terrorism and the Root Causes of War and Terrorism - Essay Example The researcher states that the last two and a half decades have witnessed a tremendous growth in statistical research conducted in war. However, the significance and meaning of war are still not clear due to certain inconsistencies in the research. The world has witnessed major conflicts and on they can be classified based on the reasons for conducting war. State building wars are those conducted in a bid to expand the territories and examples are the creation of Italy and Germany. Imperial wars are those wherein war wedged against the weaker countries by stronger nations Wars by major power; but limited in numbers like Franco-Prussian war and Crimean war. Terrorism is a new form of war and research has emphasised on problems related to practical deterrence or normative meaning. Terrorism is further grouped into three classes. These are: When the terror is in the centre: this kind of terrorism is found when a particular state or nation witnesses collective violence resulting in the severe crisis. In other words, there is infighting between various groups in a particular state or nation. Struggle against oppression: The emergence of terrorist groups in the borders and semi borders of local governments and their consequent attacks are known as the struggle against oppression. Transnational terrorism: This kind of terrorism develops in a particular region of the world but these groups divide labour in order to conduct terrorist attacks in major outposts worldwide, important people, governmental or civilian areas or destruction of architectures worldwide.   The 9/11 terrorist attack in the United States of America is a perfect example of this type of terrorism (Lizardo & Bergesen, n.d.) The U.S. government’s entire strategy towards disaster capitalism has been revamped in the year 2004 – 2005 and the American policies have witnessed major revision to witness incorporation of disaster capitalism as an important element. Previously, after a war was waged on a particular nation, ad hoc strategies were made in accordance with the situation prevalent at that time. Nowadays, the U.S. government, has made a watch list and keeps an eye at all times of high risk nations in coordination with the National Intelligence Council. This is done in order to plan before a war and deploy personnel at a moment’s notice after a clash has broken out. The post terrorism attacks of 9/11 saw a revision in strategies by U.S.A. and three military operations have been initiated. a) Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) – This was launched mainly in Afghanistan and other small countries like Philippines and Djibouti in order to counter the immediate terrorist infiltrations which began post 9/11 and exists even now. b) Operation Noble One (ONE) – Security was tightened in home and military bases in the United States of America. c) Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) – This was commenced with the U.S.A. – Iraq war conducted in March 2003. This was renamed as Operation New Dawn and U.S. military now acts as a helper and advisor in Iraq (Belasco, 2011). It has been alleged that the crisis followed by the aftermath of a severe earthquake is being used as an opportune moment to gain profits by the International Monetary Fund, U.S. Corporations, Washington and private army. They have made unpopular neoliberal policies in order to gain economic and military control over this nation. The U.S. is deploying scores of armed troops and has managed to take control of the Haiti capital airport. In fact prominence is given to U.S. international flights over other airlines at this airport. In fact, this nation is trying to rule this nation undercover and is giving the name of sending and deploying aids to

Ethics and Criminal Justice CRJS345 Research Paper

Ethics and Criminal Justice CRJS345 - Research Paper Example Use of COPPS will be imperative in mining vital information from members of the public and through scanning, analysis, response and assessment will utterly empower police to solve the prevalent problems of underage drinking and street racing in Westwood. Social crimes such as drugs trafficking and mugging continue to prevail in the contemporary society. It is intelligible that police agencies cannot handle such serious issues without encouraging public participation. The development of COPPS will be of assistance to condense causes and diminish social disorder through analytical devices and community-policy joint venture. Scanning phase will be of prodigious support in channeling preliminary investigation and in establishing if underage drinking and street racing problem exist in Westwood. Scanning phase will help in identifying the actual area in Westwood that juvenile drinking is practiced. I will visit traffic unit so that I can get to know if street racing do exist in Westwood roads. After this, I will analyze data on underage drinking and street racing delinquency both from the public and police agency as this will be helpfulness in attaining substantial details for determining whether the two offenses are existent (Sozer, 2010). I will use the analysis phase in solving the problems by first examining to which extend has underage drinking, and street racing problem broadened in Westwood. My major source is from the community and the police agency; therefore, I will initiate a solemn study that will help out in discovering the major cause of these two problems. In my study to underage drinking, I will try to explore what may be the its cause or navigating factors (Williams & Arrigo,  2008). This can help me to understand the key causes thus formulate the best strategies of resolving the issues. Is it caused by young people’s curiosity of venturing into risk-taking or is caused by heritable feature and other

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Another reason is that someone gets fired or laid off from work and tries hard to get another job. After a year and a half of unemployment benefits now running out and no job in sight, a person has to resort to extraordinary measures to make money or lose the home, car and even the family in some cases. Times can get really hard for these people. Whatever the reason for my finally becoming an entrepreneur, there are certain principles of business and marketing that have to be consolidated first before even getting started. What will I be selling or promoting? That is the heart of my business and, whatever the choice, the product or service must stand out in some way to attract the attention of potential clients (Kiyosaki 2012). My idea is that I would like to start a photography and graphics business as I love digital photography and working with graphics to make unusual and original graphic art. The Entrepreneurial Personality The personalities of entrepreneurs will tend towards tho se who are willing to take risks in order to achieve a goal and I certainly have that characteristic. They also are willing to devise a plan on their own to build a product or service that others will need or want and to put it out there for the entire world to see and comment on. It takes a change of mindset from being an employee where one is told what to do and when to get it done (Kuratko & Hodgetts 1998). That change for me will not be hard to do. ... Entrepreneurial Risk Taker Fig. 1(DCTC 2010) Research must be done on how to proceed and that means finding out what others did and how they did it which is something I have already done. It is one thing to be in an office setting where everything is laid out and most of the hard part is already taken care. An entrepreneur now is in charge of not only developing the product or service, but also the funding, setting up the structure of a business, creating the financial system of operation, designing and building a website for promoting the product and finally, for ensuring its success in the marketplace. At some point, I will hire people to take care of the financial books and office work so I can create the art. All of this takes an organized mind, a lot of determination, a plan of the product or service and a planned structure of the business overall along with marketing procedures (Action Coach 2012). The person therefore, must have the strength and will to take risks, to get back up when falling down, to revise and redevelop as needed, and to study others who may be in the same field or genre of product and service. I have already made some mistakes but view these as a learning process before getting right down to creating my business. Ultimately, I view myself as strong, innovative, utilizing creative thinking in solving problems and always open to making changes for the better without going overboard. It is essential not to grow too fast but only enough that control is maintained over every part of the business (Action Coach 2012). The following table shows what the entrepreneur is typically responsible for within the structural framework of a

Gothic Art Essay Example for Free

Gothic Art Essay Gothic art refers to an art movement in the middle ages (Van de Bogart 70) that started in France around 1140 (the time that the ambulatory of the Church of Saint-Denis was constructed [Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†]) and lasted up until late 16th century throughout Europe (Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†). In this paper, an introduction to Gothic art, with a concentration on Gothic church architecture, shall be discussed. To effectively provide an overview of this artistic style, this paper shall tackle the following: the roots of the term, â€Å"gothic†; a discussion of the characteristics of Gothic architecture; conclusion. Explaining the Term, â€Å"Gothic† The term â€Å"gothic† was used by Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), the Italian artist and historiographer known for this book on the famous architects, to refer to the artistic style that characterize the French churches such as the Notre Dame de Paris and the Church of Saint-Denis (Chapuis â€Å"Gothic Art†). The term came from the barbarians called Goths who were then known to lack the civility that the people â€Å"civilized† people such as the Romans ought to have. These barbarians were one of the Nordic tribes likened to that of the Vandals as despoilers (Tarnocyova 69) that brought the â€Å"civilization-filled† Roman Empire into flames (Chapuis â€Å"Gothic Art†). As such, the Goths represent a regression or at the very least a certain sort of backwardness, crudeness, and lack of refinement. In fact, the Academie dArchitecture, meeting in 1710, still described unacceptable architectural manners as â€Å"gothic† (Tarnocyova 69). Hence, the term is originally a pejorative term that intends to put down an artistic style and say that the style is at the very least barbaric and rude. The reason why Vasari charged the artistic style as â€Å"gothic† has nothing to do with the merits or demerits of the style. It also has nothing to do with the logic and ingenuity that the artistic style exhibits. Rather, Vasari, just like most people during the Renaissance, were victims of the prejudices of their period. It should be recalled that the Renaissance was characterized by despise for tradition. As such, anything that belonged to the â€Å"dark ages† cannot be considered as good and of value. It is only fairly recent that the artistic manner and beauty of the gothic period is acknowledged for all its already-perceived merits. Gothic Architecture Gothic art is widely known primarily because of Gothic architecture. In fact, as was already stated in the introduction, the beginning of the Gothic period is pegged on the time of the construction of the chevet of the Church of Saint-Denis. It was 1127 when Abbott Suger, then the Abbott of Saint-Denis who was also the confidant of French Kings like Louis VI and Louis VII (Wikipedia â€Å"Gothic Architecture†), decided to rebuild the Church of Saint-Denis. This rebuilding eventually gave way to a new art period. How was this period initiated, then? At this point, it will be worthwhile to first state the Abbot’s philosophical ideas that contributed a lot to the underlying spiritual ideology of the Gothic Saint-Denis. Abbot Suger was some sort of philosopher/theologian in his own right. Corresponding with the theologian Dionysius from Syria (whose philosophy was some sort of Neoplatonist Christianity) (Helfrich â€Å"History of Gothic Architecture†), Suger came with the theory that God could best be represented as a powerful light, as a â€Å"supernatural light† as he would call it (Helfrich â€Å"History of Gothic Architecture†), who through his omnipotence, spiritualizes everything that is material. As such, God’s church ought to be a place where light is mostly present. God’s church, being the gathering place of his people, ought to also be the place where God, as light, could put his people together represented by an enveloping light. With this in mind, Abbot Suger started rebuilding the west front of the church first (the abbot left the Carolingian nave untouched and moved to reconstruct the eastern part of the church). The initial impetus that defined the changes that the abbot did on the church was the desire to put more light on the choir. He wanted the effect of having something like a â€Å"Heavenly Jerusalem† (Tarnocyova 69) that is primarily perceived to be luminescent, in one way reflecting the glory, majesty and power of the One True God. In this way, the Church acts truly as Christ’s earthly bride, bringing heaven-on-earth, making the physical reflect what is spiritual. It was this eastern reconstruction that would eventually be considered the very first Gothic art. Putting this ideal was not an easy task to do. In the first place, the Romanesque period created bulky churches with thick walls and fewer and smaller windows. The creation of light, then, would entail an architecture that was different from what was then mainstream. It was in the face of this task that Abbot Suger’s architects thought of using a more sophisticated technology, the pointed arch. The use of the pointed arch gave the architects additional flexibility that was not accessible through the curved arches. For one, the use of the arch meant lesser lateral thrust of the roof on the walls (Chapuis, â€Å"Gothic Art†). In addition to this, the new system of ribbed vaults allowed for thinner columns, allowing the stone material of the vaults to be lighter (Chapuis, â€Å"Gothic Art†) and space to be wider. Another important technology is the flying buttress that gave support to the thinner walls. These allowed for more space and more windows to be installed in these churches. More space and more windows meant more light penetrating the Church (or, in the case of Saint-Denis, the ambulatory of the church). Thus, Suger’s ideal is now a reality and Gothic architecture, with its characteristic pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, is finally born. It does not mean of course that Abbot Suger thought of Gothic architecture from a vacuum. It has to be remembered that â€Å"ribbed vaults, buttresses, clustered columns, ambulatories, wheel windows, spires and richly carved door tympanums were already features of ecclesiastical architecture† (Wikipedia â€Å"Gothic Architecture†). Even the pointed arch which is used to typify Gothic architecture is not a product of a strike of genius. Assyrian architecture already made use of pointed arches as early as 720 B. C. (Wikipedia, â€Å"Gothic Architecture†). Islamic presence in Europe, most especially in Spain, would account for the introduction of these arches in the West. What characterizes Gothic architecture then is not the presence of these individual architectural traits but the putting of these elements together forming a unique architectural style that allows for spires, space, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, grand rose windows, clustered columns, ambulatories to exist in one magnificent monument. Actually, as it could be noticed, these characteristics were put together not out of whim; Abbot Suger did not put these traits together just because. Instead, these architectural traits were utilized because of a purpose: the creation of light and space in the choir of Saint-Denis. Thus, as is always acknowledged, these beautiful architectural traits came together out of technical need. Gothic architecture then is a product of a technical and spiritual need that eventually is characterized by the typical Latin cross floor plan at the same literally showing forth height and light (Helfrich â€Å"History of Gothic Architecture†). Everything in a Gothic church shows forth height. This vertical emphasis could immediately be felt by an external viewer who may rapture in awe over the spires and pinnacles of Gothic churches. The facade as well as the entire west front of a church has pointed arches, shafts, and main arcade all of which pointing up. These amplify the already overwhelming effect of spires that unanimously bring the gazer’s eyes to heaven. Entering the Gothic church would continue that ethereal experience since the nave of a Gothic church is usually very high in proportion to its width. Upon looking up, the gazer would be led to look the ribbed vaults all of which leading to a boss in a pointing way. Not only would the gazer be enamored by the height that uplifts the spirit; there is also the magnificent ray of lights that passes through strain glasses and more magnificently through rose windows. Gothic churches are famous for these magnificent rose wheel windows the best ones such as those in Notre Dame and Chartres create the effect of the flooding of light all over the cathedral. These light rays are complemented by the large and numerous other windows in the church. The flooding of light and the univocal stress on height is again complemented by the Gothic sculpture on the tympanum or columns or totally not attached at all to architecture (Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†). Such architecture is characterized by naturalism at the same time the constant solemn disposition (Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†). Conclusion Gothic art, specifically Gothic architecture, has been created initially out of the spiritual need that Abbot Suger problematized in Saint-Denis. This was then followed by the architectural-technical need to be able to answer to this spiritual need. These series of needs brought forth the fusion which is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest styles in architecture called gothic art. Works Cited â€Å"Gothic Architecture. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2 October 2007. 5 October 2007. http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture. â€Å"Gothic Architecture† History Link 101. January 2004. 2 October 2007. http://www. historylink101. com/lessons/art_history_lessons/ma/gothic_architecture. htm. â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture. † Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002. â€Å"Gothic Art. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 4 October 2007. 5 October 2007. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gothic_art. â€Å"Parts of a Cathedral. † Medieval Time Reference. 2 October 2007. http://www. btinternet. com/~timeref/cathpart. htm Chapuis, Julien. Gothic Art. In Timeline of Art History. October 2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 10 October 2007 http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/mgot/hd_mgot. htm. Helfrich, Serge. History of Gothic Architecture. 10 October 2007 http://www. xs4all. nl/~helfrich/gothic/architecture. html Tarnocyova, Bronislava. †Gothic Architecture† Bratislava Leaders Magazine III (2007): 68-69. Van de Bogart, Doris. Introduction to the Humanities: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music and Literature. New York: Barnes Noble, 1970.

Impact of Foreign Remittances on Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction

INTRODUCTION: Remittances typically refer to transfers of money by foreign workers to their home countries. Remittances are not a new phenomenon in the world, being a normal associated to migration which has always been a part of human history. Remittances are playing an important role in the economies of many developing and low income countries. Pakistan is a labour abundant country; hence, as neoclassical theory shows, if workers are unable to find jobs and/or wages to satisfy their needs, they will look elsewhere. Pakistan’s history provides us with a new trend of emigration nearly each decade. Remittance is an important source of foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan since 1970. During the past four decade Pakistan received significant amount of remittances, however, fluctuation were also observed in the inflow of remittances. Inflow of remittances affects economic growth positively by reducing current account deficit, improving the balance of payment position and reducing dependence o n external borrowing (Iqbal and Sttar, 2005). Pakistan like other developing countries in the world is known for its high migration and workers’ remittance. It is argued that this high migration is the result of poor economic conditions of the country because the economy is facing so many problems like unemployment, illiteracy, poverty, inflation, and terrorism etc. The people of Pakistan are migrating to foreign countries in search of job and to change their living standards. It is also argued that due to the high level of unemployment individuals are going abroad to get the employment and livelihood for their family and this unemployment is creating the problem of brain drain. The effect of remittances is not only multidimensional but in ... ...A.(2012), â€Å"Worker’s Remittances and Economic Growth in South Asia†,MPRA Paper 39001, University Library of Munich, Germany. Katsushi, S. I., Raghav, G.,Abdilahi, A., and Nidhi Kaicker,(2011), "Remittances, Growth and Poverty: New Evidence from Asian Countries," Discussion Paper Series DP2011-30, Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University. Levine, R. (1997), â€Å"Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda† Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688–72. Qayyum,A., Javid,M., and Arif,U.(2008), â€Å"Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth and Poverty: Evidence from Pakistan†,MPRA Paper 22941, University Library of Munich, Germany. Siddiqi,R., and Kemal,A. R.,(2006,â€Å"Remittances, Trade Liberalisation, and Poverty in Pakistan: The Role of Excluded Variables in Poverty Change Analysis,"PIDE-Working Papers 2006:1.